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The Impact of Working from Home on Parents' Work-Family Balance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
코로나 19 시기 재택근무가 남녀 취업자의 일-가족 양립에 미친 영향2022전지원, 차승은, 은기수인용: 전지원, 차승은, 은기수. (2022). 코로나 19 시기 재택근무가 남녀 취업자의 일-가족 양립에 미친 영향. 한국인구학, 45(3), 27-50, 10.31693/KJPS.2022.09.45.3.2DOI: 10.31693/KJPS.2022.09.45.3.2언어: 한국어 발행기관: 한국인구학회발행일: 2022. 09.초록 본 연구는 코로나 19로 인한 사회적 거리두기 기간 동안 재택근무가 어린 자녀를 둔 남성과 여성의 일-가족 양립에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가를 분석했다. 이를 위해 2021년 전국 만 0-12세 자녀를 둔 남녀를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시, 코로나 19 상황에서의 아동돌봄에 대한 자세한 데이터를 활용하였다. 설문 응답자 중 기혼 맞벌이 가구 응답자만 추출하여, 재택근무 여부, 재택근무 기간, 주돌봄자 여부, 자녀의 연령, 가구 경제 상황 등 여러 변수를 고려하여 재택근무가 일-가족 갈등 완화에 기여했는지, 그리고 재택근무의 일-가족 양립에 대한 긍정적 혹은 부정적 효과가 성별과 관계없이 동일하게 나타났는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 남성의 경우 재택근무와 일-가족 양립 간 긍정적인 관계가 발견되었으며, 여성의 경우에는 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 향후 재택근무 등 유연한 근무형태가 일-가족 양립에 기여하기 위해서는 근무형태 자체뿐 아니라 돌봄 부담과 기대에 대한 적절한 배분이 병행되어야 함을 시사한다.논문 보러가기https://www.dbpia.co.kr/pdf/pdfView.do?nodeId=NODE11144357
Journal Articles ㆍ
Korean Family Law Revisited: Focusing on the Revisions Related to Gender Equality
2023Hyuna Moon, Minja Kim Choe Citation: Hyuna Moon, Minja Kim Choe. (2023). Korean Family Law Revisited: Focusing on the Revisions Related to Gender Equality. Korea Journal, 63(4): 111-136. doi:10.25024/kj.2023.63.4.111Language: EnglishJournal: Korea Journal Publication Date: 2023. 06. 19Keywords: family law, hojuje, son-preference, low fertility, gender equality Abstract: This article aims to analyze significant changes in family law and their relationship to gender equality, which has emerged as one of several factors contributing to low fertility in Korea from a socio-legal perspective. Fertility changes in Korea can be categorized into two distinct periods. The first period, spanning from 1960 to the late-1990s, saw a rapid decline in the fertility rate from approximately six children per woman to slightly below the replacement level. The second period began around the early 2000s, and is characterized by a further decline in the fertility rate to an extremely low level that continues until recent times. During the first phase of low fertility, several revisions were made to the family law, including major revisions related to hojuje, along with subsequent changes. This paper analyzes the implications of some of these family law revisions, specifically, examining provisions related to son preference and gender discrimination in inheritance and the parent-child relationship in family law and their impact on fertility. Through this analysis, this study aims to establish a connection between the revisions of family law and changes in fertility, ultimately shedding light on the complex relationship between law and society in modern Korea.
Journal Articles ㆍ
A Pressure Release Valve: South Korean Long-Term Care Policy as Supplemental to Family Elder Care
A Pressure Release Valve: South Korean Long-Term Care Policy as Supplemental to Family Elder Care Author : Alexa Carson PhD Candidate, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
Journal Articles ㆍ
How do Older Adults Spend Their Time? Gender Gaps and Educational Gradients in Time Use in East Asian and Western Countries
2021 Man-Yee Kan, Muzhi Zhou, Daniela Veronica Negraia, Kamila Kolpashnikova, Ekaterina Hertog, Shohel Yoda & Jiweon JunTitle: How do Older Adults Spend Their Time? Gender Gaps and Educational Gradients in Time Use in East Asian and Western Countries (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-021-09345-3)Language: EnglishPublishing Date: July 2021(Accepted)Abstract: This study is the first to document how older adults in East Asian and Western societies spend their time, across four key dimensions of daily life, by respondent's gender and education level. To do this, we undertook a pioneering effort and harmonized cross-sectional time-use data from East Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) with data from Multinational Time Use Study (Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom, United States; to which we refer as Western countries), collected between 2000 and 2015.  Findings from bivariate and multivariate models suggest that the daily time budgets of East Asian older adults are different from their counterparts in most Western countries. Specifically, gender gaps in domestic work, leisure, and sleep time were larger in East Asian contexts, than in Western countries. Gender gaps in paid work were larger in China compared to all other regions. Higher levels were associated with less paid work, more leisure, and less sleep time in East Asian countries, while in Western countries they were associated with more paid work, less domestic work, and less sleep. Interestingly, Italy and Spain, two Southern European welfare regimes, shared more similarities with East Asian countries than with other Western countries. We Interpret and discuss the implications of these findings for population aging research and welfare policies. 
Journal Articles ㆍ
Impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea: survey findings and policy implications
2022 Ito Peng, Jiweon JunTitle: Impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea: survey findings and policy implicationsLanguage: English Source: International Journal of Care and CaringPublishing Institution: Policy PressPublishing Date: January 2022Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of care and care work, and exposed pre-existing inequalities. Our survey of the impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea reveals that mothers were much more likely to bear the increased burden of childcare than fathers, which, in turn, had direct and negative impacts on their well-being. We discuss how South Korea’s dualised labour market, gender-biased employment practice, social norms about childcare, and instrumental approach to family and care policies may have contributed to the persistent unequal distribution of unpaid care work within households and gender inequality.Read Report (Click)
Journal Articles ㆍ
How Do They Do It?: Utilizing the Formal Elderly Care Services from the Perspective of Family Caregiver
2021 Seung-Eun Cha Citation: Seung-Eun Cha. 2021. "How Do They Do It? : Utilizing the Formal Elderly Care Services from the Perspective of Family Caregiver" Korea Journal of Population Studies 44(3): 23:-42 DOI: 10.31693/KJPS.2021.09.44.3.23 Language: Korean Publishing Institution: Korea Journal of Population Studies Publication Date: 2021. 09 Keywords: Formal Care, Informal Family Care, Long-term Care Service, Paid Care Service Hours The purpose of this study is to understand how and when families decide to utilize formal care services. This study used data of 499 family caregivers employed from 2018 Korean Elderly and Child Care Family Survey. Based on the logistic regression model results, the study found out that the elderly’s bad health status, the longer duration of caregiving, and the shorter hours of the preferred time of the main caregiver were significantly associated with the rate of using formal care service and the amount of hours used for paid service. Logistic regression analysis revealed that elderly recipients’ LTCI grade, duration of care, preferred amount of care time, other family memeber’s financial and intstrumental support was associated with formal care service utility. Tobit analysis revealed that caregiver’s sex, age, and the amount of actual care hours are significant factors associated with the formal care service utility. If the caregiver was female, relatively young, and spent longer care hours, care service hours were short. However, the hours of use of care services were long if there was financial help from other family members. Results may provide meaningful information in understanding the process and context of coordinating formal care with informal family care.
Journal Articles ㆍ
Searching for A Possibility of Caring Masculinities: Focusing on the Cases of Male Family Carers
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Moon, Hyuna. 2021 Searching for a Possibility of Caring Masculinities: Focusing on the Cases of Male Family Carers. Journal of Korean Women’s Studies DOI: 10.30719/JKWS.2021.09.37.3.33 Language: Korean Publisher: KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN’S STUDIES Publishing Date: 2021. 09. 30 This paper aims to search for a possibility of caring masculinities based on the experiences of men caring children or elderlies. Male carers are a few in number. Nevertheless, the fact that male carers exist can be a sign of change, a fissure in the hegemonic masculinities. Unlike previous studies which considered male child carers and male elderly carers separately, this paper attempts an integrated approach examining both types of male carers. In other words, this paper seeks to examine a possibility of caring masculinities focusing on the care in a relational sense and not the care distinguished by the types of care receiver. It is too early to say that this fissure in the hegemonic masculinities would lead to an expansion of new caring masculinities and eventually a creation of new masculinity. Be that as it may, with an optimistic but critical examination of the realities faced by male carers and their socio-cultural structures, this paper searches for a possibility of a social change where everyone shares the responsibility of care, not passing the burden from women to men.
Journal Articles ㆍ
While reading an old feminist's letter, I imagined the solidarity of feminism.
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Hyuna Moon. 2021. While reading an old feminist's letter, I imagined the solidarity of feminism. Korean Women's Historical Society, Women's History, Vol. 34, No. 0 307-313
Journal Articles ㆍ
Records on the Compellation of ‘Refugees’ as Co-existing with Us in Korean Society, Where People Still Consider Them as Strangers
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Moon, H. (2021). Records on the Compellation of ‘Refugees’ as Co-existing with Us in Korean Society, Where People Still Consider Them as Strangers. Korean Journal of Oral History, 12:1, 169-180 Language: Korean
Journal Articles ㆍ
Understanding the Time Pressure of Working Parents: How Parents’ Childcare Time Impacts the Diurnal Organization of Activities and the Sense of Feeling Rushed
2020 Seung-eun Cha, Georgios PapastefanouCitation: Cha, S., & Papastefanou, G. (2020). Understanding the Time Pressure of Working Parents: How Parents’ Childcare Time Impacts the Diurnal Organization of Activities and the Sense of Feeling Rushed. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 51(1): 110-130. doi:10.3138/jcfs.51.1.006Language: EnglishJournal: Journal of Comparative Family StudiesPublication Date: 2020. 04. 15Keywords: time burden, time use structure, child care time, joint parenting, care workAbstract: Time pressure of parents has become an important policy agenda in many contemporary societies. This study aims to examine the association between parental childcare time and subjective time pressure (feeling rushed) by taking into account different types of diurnal activity patterns. From the background of time fragmentation as a structural source of time pressure we introduce two specific types of diurnal time use activities, namely activity resumption and activity switching. As activity resumption denotes that the same kind of activity is repeatedly shown over the day, activity switching indicates the diurnal substantive variety of activities. Our research question is aimed a examining if these activity patterns covariate with parental childcare time use and to what extent they add are connected with subjective time pressure. Analyzing the original timeline raw data of 6,812 diary entries from the 2014 Korean Time Use Study (KTUS) we focused on working parents with children aged 18 or younger. Overall, we found that activity resumption is positively related to subjective time pressure, while activity switching negatively correlates with subjective time pressure. While we did not find a significant effect of time spent for childcare on feeling rushed, we found that time use for childcare is negatively correlated with activity resumption, but positively with activity switching intensity. Having young children compared to having teenagers in the family significantly goes with more feeling rushed, while having young children means less activity switching and less activity resumption. Finally, our results point to a significant parents’ gender differentiation of the covariation of subjective time pressure, diurnal activity change pattern and child care time use.
Journal Articles ㆍ
The Impact of Working from Home on Parents' Work-Family Balance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
코로나 19 시기 재택근무가 남녀 취업자의 일-가족 양립에 미친 영향2022전지원, 차승은, 은기수인용: 전지원, 차승은, 은기수. (2022). 코로나 19 시기 재택근무가 남녀 취업자의 일-가족 양립에 미친 영향. 한국인구학, 45(3), 27-50, 10.31693/KJPS.2022.09.45.3.2DOI: 10.31693/KJPS.2022.09.45.3.2언어: 한국어 발행기관: 한국인구학회발행일: 2022. 09.초록 본 연구는 코로나 19로 인한 사회적 거리두기 기간 동안 재택근무가 어린 자녀를 둔 남성과 여성의 일-가족 양립에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가를 분석했다. 이를 위해 2021년 전국 만 0-12세 자녀를 둔 남녀를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시, 코로나 19 상황에서의 아동돌봄에 대한 자세한 데이터를 활용하였다. 설문 응답자 중 기혼 맞벌이 가구 응답자만 추출하여, 재택근무 여부, 재택근무 기간, 주돌봄자 여부, 자녀의 연령, 가구 경제 상황 등 여러 변수를 고려하여 재택근무가 일-가족 갈등 완화에 기여했는지, 그리고 재택근무의 일-가족 양립에 대한 긍정적 혹은 부정적 효과가 성별과 관계없이 동일하게 나타났는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 남성의 경우 재택근무와 일-가족 양립 간 긍정적인 관계가 발견되었으며, 여성의 경우에는 통계적으로 유의한 결과가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 향후 재택근무 등 유연한 근무형태가 일-가족 양립에 기여하기 위해서는 근무형태 자체뿐 아니라 돌봄 부담과 기대에 대한 적절한 배분이 병행되어야 함을 시사한다.논문 보러가기https://www.dbpia.co.kr/pdf/pdfView.do?nodeId=NODE11144357
Journal Articles ㆍ
Korean Family Law Revisited: Focusing on the Revisions Related to Gender Equality
2023Hyuna Moon, Minja Kim Choe Citation: Hyuna Moon, Minja Kim Choe. (2023). Korean Family Law Revisited: Focusing on the Revisions Related to Gender Equality. Korea Journal, 63(4): 111-136. doi:10.25024/kj.2023.63.4.111Language: EnglishJournal: Korea Journal Publication Date: 2023. 06. 19Keywords: family law, hojuje, son-preference, low fertility, gender equality Abstract: This article aims to analyze significant changes in family law and their relationship to gender equality, which has emerged as one of several factors contributing to low fertility in Korea from a socio-legal perspective. Fertility changes in Korea can be categorized into two distinct periods. The first period, spanning from 1960 to the late-1990s, saw a rapid decline in the fertility rate from approximately six children per woman to slightly below the replacement level. The second period began around the early 2000s, and is characterized by a further decline in the fertility rate to an extremely low level that continues until recent times. During the first phase of low fertility, several revisions were made to the family law, including major revisions related to hojuje, along with subsequent changes. This paper analyzes the implications of some of these family law revisions, specifically, examining provisions related to son preference and gender discrimination in inheritance and the parent-child relationship in family law and their impact on fertility. Through this analysis, this study aims to establish a connection between the revisions of family law and changes in fertility, ultimately shedding light on the complex relationship between law and society in modern Korea.
Journal Articles ㆍ
A Pressure Release Valve: South Korean Long-Term Care Policy as Supplemental to Family Elder Care
A Pressure Release Valve: South Korean Long-Term Care Policy as Supplemental to Family Elder Care Author : Alexa Carson PhD Candidate, Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 
Journal Articles ㆍ
How do Older Adults Spend Their Time? Gender Gaps and Educational Gradients in Time Use in East Asian and Western Countries
2021 Man-Yee Kan, Muzhi Zhou, Daniela Veronica Negraia, Kamila Kolpashnikova, Ekaterina Hertog, Shohel Yoda & Jiweon JunTitle: How do Older Adults Spend Their Time? Gender Gaps and Educational Gradients in Time Use in East Asian and Western Countries (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-021-09345-3)Language: EnglishPublishing Date: July 2021(Accepted)Abstract: This study is the first to document how older adults in East Asian and Western societies spend their time, across four key dimensions of daily life, by respondent's gender and education level. To do this, we undertook a pioneering effort and harmonized cross-sectional time-use data from East Asian countries (China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) with data from Multinational Time Use Study (Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, United Kingdom, United States; to which we refer as Western countries), collected between 2000 and 2015.  Findings from bivariate and multivariate models suggest that the daily time budgets of East Asian older adults are different from their counterparts in most Western countries. Specifically, gender gaps in domestic work, leisure, and sleep time were larger in East Asian contexts, than in Western countries. Gender gaps in paid work were larger in China compared to all other regions. Higher levels were associated with less paid work, more leisure, and less sleep time in East Asian countries, while in Western countries they were associated with more paid work, less domestic work, and less sleep. Interestingly, Italy and Spain, two Southern European welfare regimes, shared more similarities with East Asian countries than with other Western countries. We Interpret and discuss the implications of these findings for population aging research and welfare policies. 
Journal Articles ㆍ
Impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea: survey findings and policy implications
2022 Ito Peng, Jiweon JunTitle: Impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea: survey findings and policy implicationsLanguage: English Source: International Journal of Care and CaringPublishing Institution: Policy PressPublishing Date: January 2022Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of care and care work, and exposed pre-existing inequalities. Our survey of the impacts of COVID-19 on parents with small children in South Korea reveals that mothers were much more likely to bear the increased burden of childcare than fathers, which, in turn, had direct and negative impacts on their well-being. We discuss how South Korea’s dualised labour market, gender-biased employment practice, social norms about childcare, and instrumental approach to family and care policies may have contributed to the persistent unequal distribution of unpaid care work within households and gender inequality.Read Report (Click)
Journal Articles ㆍ
How Do They Do It?: Utilizing the Formal Elderly Care Services from the Perspective of Family Caregiver
2021 Seung-Eun Cha Citation: Seung-Eun Cha. 2021. "How Do They Do It? : Utilizing the Formal Elderly Care Services from the Perspective of Family Caregiver" Korea Journal of Population Studies 44(3): 23:-42 DOI: 10.31693/KJPS.2021.09.44.3.23 Language: Korean Publishing Institution: Korea Journal of Population Studies Publication Date: 2021. 09 Keywords: Formal Care, Informal Family Care, Long-term Care Service, Paid Care Service Hours The purpose of this study is to understand how and when families decide to utilize formal care services. This study used data of 499 family caregivers employed from 2018 Korean Elderly and Child Care Family Survey. Based on the logistic regression model results, the study found out that the elderly’s bad health status, the longer duration of caregiving, and the shorter hours of the preferred time of the main caregiver were significantly associated with the rate of using formal care service and the amount of hours used for paid service. Logistic regression analysis revealed that elderly recipients’ LTCI grade, duration of care, preferred amount of care time, other family memeber’s financial and intstrumental support was associated with formal care service utility. Tobit analysis revealed that caregiver’s sex, age, and the amount of actual care hours are significant factors associated with the formal care service utility. If the caregiver was female, relatively young, and spent longer care hours, care service hours were short. However, the hours of use of care services were long if there was financial help from other family members. Results may provide meaningful information in understanding the process and context of coordinating formal care with informal family care.
Journal Articles ㆍ
Searching for A Possibility of Caring Masculinities: Focusing on the Cases of Male Family Carers
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Moon, Hyuna. 2021 Searching for a Possibility of Caring Masculinities: Focusing on the Cases of Male Family Carers. Journal of Korean Women’s Studies DOI: 10.30719/JKWS.2021.09.37.3.33 Language: Korean Publisher: KOREAN ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN’S STUDIES Publishing Date: 2021. 09. 30 This paper aims to search for a possibility of caring masculinities based on the experiences of men caring children or elderlies. Male carers are a few in number. Nevertheless, the fact that male carers exist can be a sign of change, a fissure in the hegemonic masculinities. Unlike previous studies which considered male child carers and male elderly carers separately, this paper attempts an integrated approach examining both types of male carers. In other words, this paper seeks to examine a possibility of caring masculinities focusing on the care in a relational sense and not the care distinguished by the types of care receiver. It is too early to say that this fissure in the hegemonic masculinities would lead to an expansion of new caring masculinities and eventually a creation of new masculinity. Be that as it may, with an optimistic but critical examination of the realities faced by male carers and their socio-cultural structures, this paper searches for a possibility of a social change where everyone shares the responsibility of care, not passing the burden from women to men.
Journal Articles ㆍ
While reading an old feminist's letter, I imagined the solidarity of feminism.
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Hyuna Moon. 2021. While reading an old feminist's letter, I imagined the solidarity of feminism. Korean Women's Historical Society, Women's History, Vol. 34, No. 0 307-313
Journal Articles ㆍ
Records on the Compellation of ‘Refugees’ as Co-existing with Us in Korean Society, Where People Still Consider Them as Strangers
2021 Hyuna Moon Citation: Moon, H. (2021). Records on the Compellation of ‘Refugees’ as Co-existing with Us in Korean Society, Where People Still Consider Them as Strangers. Korean Journal of Oral History, 12:1, 169-180 Language: Korean
Journal Articles ㆍ
Understanding the Time Pressure of Working Parents: How Parents’ Childcare Time Impacts the Diurnal Organization of Activities and the Sense of Feeling Rushed
2020 Seung-eun Cha, Georgios PapastefanouCitation: Cha, S., & Papastefanou, G. (2020). Understanding the Time Pressure of Working Parents: How Parents’ Childcare Time Impacts the Diurnal Organization of Activities and the Sense of Feeling Rushed. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 51(1): 110-130. doi:10.3138/jcfs.51.1.006Language: EnglishJournal: Journal of Comparative Family StudiesPublication Date: 2020. 04. 15Keywords: time burden, time use structure, child care time, joint parenting, care workAbstract: Time pressure of parents has become an important policy agenda in many contemporary societies. This study aims to examine the association between parental childcare time and subjective time pressure (feeling rushed) by taking into account different types of diurnal activity patterns. From the background of time fragmentation as a structural source of time pressure we introduce two specific types of diurnal time use activities, namely activity resumption and activity switching. As activity resumption denotes that the same kind of activity is repeatedly shown over the day, activity switching indicates the diurnal substantive variety of activities. Our research question is aimed a examining if these activity patterns covariate with parental childcare time use and to what extent they add are connected with subjective time pressure. Analyzing the original timeline raw data of 6,812 diary entries from the 2014 Korean Time Use Study (KTUS) we focused on working parents with children aged 18 or younger. Overall, we found that activity resumption is positively related to subjective time pressure, while activity switching negatively correlates with subjective time pressure. While we did not find a significant effect of time spent for childcare on feeling rushed, we found that time use for childcare is negatively correlated with activity resumption, but positively with activity switching intensity. Having young children compared to having teenagers in the family significantly goes with more feeling rushed, while having young children means less activity switching and less activity resumption. Finally, our results point to a significant parents’ gender differentiation of the covariation of subjective time pressure, diurnal activity change pattern and child care time use.
Journal Articles ㆍ